History of Criminal Justice Essay

The modern un jurisprudenceful rightness system has evolved sinceancient sentences, with saucily draws ofpunishment, addedrightsforoffendersand dupes, andpolicing straightens. These educations pee-pee reflected changingcustoms, semipolitical ideals, and economic conditions. In ancient times through the middle Ages, transferwas a common form of punishment. During theMiddle Ages, payment to the victim (or the victims family), cognise aswergild, was another common punishment, including for violent abhorrences.For those who could not afford to buy their way out of punishment, harsh penalties included assorted forms ofcorporal punishment. These includedmutilation,branding, andflogging, as well asexecution. Though a prison,Le Stinche, existed as early as the 14th century inItaly, imprisonmentwas not widely expendd until the 19th century. Correctional reform in the United States was first initiated byWilliam Penn, towards the end of the 17th century. For a time, dads flagitiou s edict was revised to forbid torturingand other forms of cruel punishment, withjailsandprisonsreplacing corporal punishment.These reforms were reverted, upon Penns death in 1718. under pressure from a group ofQuakers, these reforms were revived in Pennsylvania toward the end of the 18th century, and led to a marked drop in Pennsylvanias crime rate. Patrick Colquhoun,Henry Fieldingand others led noteworthy reforms during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. 19 Definition sorry justiceis the system of performs and institutions ofgovernmentsdirected at upholdingcontrol, deterringand mitigatingcrime, or sanctioning those who violatelawswith execrable penalties andrehabilitation efforts.Those incriminate of crime dropprotectionsagainst abuse of investigatory and criminal pursuit powers. The criminal justice system consists of three main parts (1)legislative(create laws) (2) adjudication (courts) and (3)corrections(jails, prisons, probation and parole). In the cri minal justice system, these distinct agencies operate unitedly twain under therule of lawand as the principal representation of maintaining therule of law at heartsociety. PolicingThe first contact anoffenderhas with the criminal justice system is usually with thepolice(orlaw enforcement) who investigate the pretend wrongdoing and nominate anarrest, but if the suspect is dangerous to the whole nation, a national levellaw enforcement agencyis called in . When warranted, law enforcement agencies or police officers atomic number 18 empowered to use force and other forms of wake little coercion and means to effect public and social instal. The term is close(prenominal) comm all associated with police departments of a arousethat argon authorized to exercising thepolice powerof that evoke within a defined well-grounded or territorial area of responsibility.The word comes from theLatinpolitia( civilian brass section), which itself derives from theAncient Greek , forpolis(c ity). The first police force similar to the present- daytime police was established in 1667 under KingLouis cardinalin France, although modern police usually trace their origins to the 1800 establishment of theshipboard soldier PoliceinLondon, theGlasgow Police, and theNapoleonicpolice of Paris. Police are to begin with concerned with keeping the peace and enforcingcriminal lawbased on their particular mission and jurisdiction.Formed in 1908 theFederal Bureau of probebegan as an entity which could investigate and enforce specific federal laws as an investigatory and law enforcement agency in the United States10this, however, has constituted only a small portion of overall policing activity. 11Policing has included an array of activities in assorted contexts, but the predominant bingles are concerned withorder maintenanceand the supplying of avails. 12 Courts Courts of Law The courts serve as the venue where disputes are then colonized and justice is administered.With regard to criminal justice, there are a repress of critical state in any court setting. These critical people are referred to as the courtroom work group and include both professional and non professional individuals. These include the guess,prosecutor, and thedefense attorney. The judge, or magistrate, is a individual, elected or appointed, who is knowledgeable in the law, and whose function is to objectively administer the legal transactions and exsert a final decision to dispose of a side. In the U. S. and in a growing number of nations,guiltor white (although in the U.S. a gore can never find a defendant innocent but rather not guilty) is fixed through theadversarial system.In this system, two parties will both offer their random variable of razets and presenttheir case before the court (sometimes before a judge or panel of judges, sometimes before a jury). The case should be decided in favor of the party who offers the most sound and oblige arguments based on the law as a pplied to the facts of the case. The prosecutor, or rule attorney, is alawyerwho brings charges against a person, persons or corporate entity.It is the prosecutors duty to explain to the court what crime was committed and to detail what enjoinhas been found which incriminates the accuse. The prosecutor should not be confuse with a complainantor plaintiffs counsel. Although both serve the function of bring a complaint before the court, the prosecutor is a servant of the state who makes accusations on behalf of the state in criminal proceedings, while the plaintiff is the plain party in civil proceedings. A defense attorney counsels the accused on the legal military operation, likely outcomes for the accused and suggests strategies.The accused, not the lawyer, has the right to make final decisions regarding a number of fundamental points, including whether to testify, and to accept a supplication offer or demand a jury trial in appropriate cases. It is the defense attorneys duty t o represent the interests of the client, work up procedural and evidentiary issues, and hold the prosecution to its burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Defense counsel whitethorn challenge prove presented by the prosecution or present exculpatory evidence and argue on behalf of their client. At trial, the defense attorney may attempt to offer arebuttalto the prosecutors accusations.In the U. S. , an accused person is entitled to a government-paid defense attorney if he or she is in jeopardy of losing his or her life and/or liberty. Those who cannot afford a one-on-one attorney may be provided one by the state. Historically, however, the right to a defense attorney has not always been universal. For example, inTudorEngland criminals accused oftreasonwere not permitted to offer arguments in their defense. In many jurisdictions, there is no right to an appointed attorney, if the accused is not in jeopardy of losing his or her liberty.The final determination of guil t or innocence is typically do by a third party, who is supposed to be disinterested. This function may be performed by a judge, a panel of judges, or ajurypanel composed of unbiased citizens. This process varies depending on the laws of the specific jurisdiction. In some places the panel (be it judges or a jury) is compulsory to issue a unanimous decision, while in others only a majorityvoteis required. In America, this process depends on the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties. or so nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military regimen to issue verdicts. Some cases can be disposed of without the need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the accused confesses his or her guilt, a shorter process may be employed and a judgment may be rendered more quickly. Some nations, much(prenominal) as America, allowplea bargainin which the accused pleads guilty,nolo contendereor not guilty, and may accep t a diversion program or cut punishment, where the prosecutions case is weak or in exchange for the cooperation of the accused against other people.This reduced sentence is sometimes a reward for sparing the state the expenditure of a formal trial. many an(prenominal) nations do not permit the use of plea bargaining, believing that it coerces innocent people to plead guilty in an attempt to avoid a harsh punishment. The entire trial process, whatever the country, is fraught with problems and subject to criticism. Biasanddiscriminationform an ever-present flagellum to an objective decision. Any prejudiceon the part of the lawyers, the judge, or jury members threatens to destroy the courts credibility.Some people argue that the much Byzantine rules governing courtroom conduct and processes restrict a laypersons ability to participate, essentially reducing the legal process to a battle between the lawyers. In this case, the criticism is that the decision is based less on sound j ustice and more on the lawyers eloquence andcharisma. This is a particular problem when the lawyer performs in a substandard manner. The jury process is another area of frequent criticism, as there are few mechanisms to guard against poor judgment or incompetence on the part of the layman jurors.Judges themselves are actually subject to bias subject to things as ordinary as the space of time since their last break. 13 Manipulations of the court system by defense and prosecution attorneys, law enforcement as well as the defendants have occurred and there have been cases where justice was denied. Interpol TheInternational vile Police Organization(ICPO), widely known asINTERPOL,3is anintergovernmental organizationfacilitating international police cooperation. It was established as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) in 1923 and adopted its telegraphic address as its common name in 1956.Its membership of 190 countries provides a calculate of around 60 million throug h annual contributions. The organizations headquarters is inLyon, France. It is the second largestintergovernmental organization aft(prenominal) theUnited Nationsbymember states. In 2011, the Interpol General Secretariat employed a round of 673 representing 93 member countries. 1Its current Secretary-General isRonald Noble, a former United StatesUnder Secretary of the Treasury for Enforcement. SucceedingKhoo Boon Hui, its current President is delegate Central Director of the French Judicial PoliceMireille Ballestrazzi.In order to maintain as politically neutral a role as possible, Interpolsconstitutionforbids it to undertake any interventions or activities of a political, military, religious, or racial nature. 4Its work focuses primarily on public safety,terrorism,organized crime,crimes against humanity,environmental crime,genocide,war crimes,piracy, illicittrafficinworks of art,illicit medicineproduction,drug trafficking,weapons smuggling,human trafficking,money laundering,child pornography,white-collar crime,computer crime,intellectual property crimeandcorruption.Interpols headquarters are located inLyon, France. Corrections Offenders are then turned over to the correctional authorities, from the court system after the accused has been found guilty. Like all other aspects of criminal justice, the face ofpunishmenthas taken many different forms throughout history. Early on, when civilizations lacked the resources necessity to construct and maintain prisons,exileandexecutionwere the primary forms of punishment. Historically commiserationpunishments andexilehave also been used as forms of censure.The most publicly visible form of punishment in the modern era is theprison. Prisons may serve as detention centers for prisoners after trial. For containment of the accused, jails are used. Early prisons were used primarily to sequester criminals and little thought was given to living conditions within their walls. In America, theQuakermovement is commonly credit ed with establishing the idea that prisons should be used to reform criminals. This can also be seen as a critical moment in the debate regarding the purpose of punishment. Punishment (in the form of prison time) may serve a variety of purposes.First, and most obviously, the incarceration of criminals removes them from the general population and inhibits their ability to perpetrate further crimes. A new goal of prison punishments is to offer criminals a chance to be rehabilitated. Many modern prisons offer schooling or job training to prisoners as a chance to l induce a vocation and thereby earn a legitimate living when they are returned to society. Religious institutions also have a presence in many prisons, with the goal of teaching morality and instilling a sense of morality in the prisoners. If a prisoner is released before his time is served, he is released as a parole.This means that they are released, but the restrictions are greater than that of someone on probation. There are numerous other forms of punishment which are commonly used in conjunction with or in place of prison terms. Monetaryfinesare one of the oldest forms of punishment still used today. These fines may be paid to the state or to the victims as a form of reparation. Probationandhouse arrestare also sanctions which seek to limit a persons mobility and his or her opportunities to commit crimes without actually placing them in a prison setting.Furthermore, many jurisdictions may require some form of public or community service as a form of reparations for lesser offenses. In Corrections, the Department ensures court-ordered, pre-sentence chemical dependency assessments, related Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative specific examinations and treatment will occur for offenders sentenced to Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative in abidance with RCW 9. 94A. 660. Execution orcapital punishmentis still used around the world. Its use is one of the most heavily debated aspects of the criminal j ustice system.Some societies are willing to use executions as a form of political control, or for relatively minor misdeeds. Other societies reserve execution for only the most sinister and brutal offenses. Others still have outlawed the practice entirely, believing the use of execution to be excessively cruel or hypocritical. History of criminal law The first civilizations generally did not get laid betweencivil lawand criminal law. The first written codes of law were designed by the Sumerians.Around 2100-2050 BCUr-Nammu, theNeo-Sumerianking ofUr, enacted the oldest written legal code whose text has been discovered theCode of Ur-Nammu although an earlier code ofUrukaginaofLagash( 2380-2360 BC ) is also known to have existed. Another important early code was theCode Hammurabi, which formed the core ofBabylonian law. Only fragments of the early criminal laws ofAncient Greecehave survived, e. g. those ofSolonandDraco. 2 The similarly significantCommentariesofGaiuson the 12 Tablesalso conflated the civil and criminal aspects, treating theft orfurtumas atort.Assault and violentrobberywere analogized to trespassas to property. Breach of such laws created an obligation of law orvinculum juris discharged by payment of fiscal compensation ordamages. The criminal law ofimperial Romeis tranquil in Books 47-48 of theDigestAfter the revival ofRoman lawin the 12th century, sixth-century Roman classifications and jurisprudence provided the foundations of the distinction between criminal and civil law inEuropeanlaw from then until the present time The first signs of the modern distinction between crimes and civil matters emerged during the Normanof England.The circumscribed notion of criminal penalty, at least concerning Europe, arose in Spanish advanced Scolasticism (seeAlfonso de Castro), when the theological notion of Gods penalty (poena aeterna) that was inflicted solely for a guilty mind, became transfused into canon law first and, finally, to secular criminal law. 6The development of thestatedispensingjusticein a court clearly emerged in the eighteenth century when European countries began maintaining police services. From this point, criminal law had formalize the mechanisms for enforcement, which allowed for its development as a discernible entity.Objectives of criminal law Criminal law is distinctive for the uniquely serious potential consequences orsanctionsfor chastisement to abide by its rules. 7Every crime is composed ofcriminal elements. uppercase punishmentmay be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. Physical orcorporal punishmentmay be imposed such aswhippingorcaning, although these punishments are disallow in much of the world. Individuals may beincarceratedinprisonorjailin a variety of conditions depending on the jurisdiction. Confinement may be solitary. Length of incarceration may vary from a day to life.